Introduction to Hyaluronic Acid
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring polysaccharide found in the human body. It was first discovered in 1934 by Karl Meyer and his colleague, who isolated it from the vitreous humor in bovine eyes. Since then, it has been used in various clinical applications, including eye surgery, osteoarthritis injections, and wound healing.
More recently, hyaluronic acid has become popular as a skincare ingredient due to its ability to hydrate and plump the skin. As we age, our bodies’ natural production of hyaluronic acid slows down, leading to dryness, fine lines, and wrinkles. Using skincare products with hyaluronic acid can help counteract these effects by drawing moisture into the skin.
Specifically, hyaluronic acid benefits skin in several key ways:
- Boosts hydration – The molecule is able to hold up to 1000 times its weight in water, making it an excellent natural humectant.
- Plumps skin – It helps restore volume to smooth the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
- Soothes irritation – It acts as a cushioning agent to relieve irritated skin.
- Speeds wound healing – Stimulates collagen production to help wounds close more quickly.
- Reinforces skin barrier – Helps the outer layer of skin retain moisture and withstand environmental stressors.
With proven hydrating and anti-aging effects, hyaluronic acid has become a popular anti-aging skincare ingredient. Later sections will explore the science behind how it works and provide recommendations on how to effectively use it.
The Science Behind Hyaluronic Acid
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring polysaccharide found throughout the body. Chemically speaking, it is a glycosaminoglycan composed of alternating glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine molecules. These molecules link together to form long chains called polymers, giving HA its characteristic viscous and water-binding properties.
In the skin, HA is a major component of the extracellular matrix that provides structural support. It has an incredible capacity to attract and retain water molecules – up to 1000 times its weight! When applied topically, HA forms a hydrating film on the skin’s surface while also penetrating deeper layers. This helps attract and bind moisture to collagen fibers, keeping them supple and plump.
The body naturally produces HA in connective tissue, especially in the skin, eyes, and joints. However, its production slows down as we age. Topical HA serums help replenish diminishing levels, providing powerful hydrating and anti-aging effects. Because the HA molecules are too large to penetrate skin, many formulas also contain smaller hydrolyzed HA fragments that can better absorb into deeper layers. This helps boost moisture levels from within the skin as well.
Benefits for Skin
Hyaluronic acid offers numerous benefits for skin by boosting hydration, reducing signs of aging, and soothing irritation.
Hydration and Moisture Retention
One of the primary benefits of hyaluronic acid is its ability to help skin retain moisture. Hyaluronic acid has a unique capacity to hold up to 1000 times its weight in water. It acts like a sponge, attracting and binding moisture to the skin. This helps counteract dryness and dehydration by preventing water loss in the epidermis. Using hyaluronic acid serums and moisturizers helps keep skin optimally hydrated.
Reducing Fine Lines and Wrinkles
By boosting moisture levels in the skin, hyaluronic acid helps to temporarily plump fine lines and wrinkles. The added hydration makes skin look smoother and more youthful overall by restoring volume. With consistent use over time, hyaluronic acid can reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. It supports collagen production in the deeper layers of the skin, which also improves elasticity for a more supple, younger-looking complexion.
Soothing Irritation and Sensitivity
Hyaluronic acid has anti-inflammatory properties that help calm and soothe irritated skin. It helps relieve redness, sensitivity, and discomfort from conditions like eczema, rosacea, sun damage, and even breakouts. The humectant properties allow hyaluronic acid to form a protective barrier on the skin that locks in moisture and prevents further dryness and irritation. This makes it beneficial for sensitive skin prone to inflammation.
Using Hyaluronic Acid With Other Ingredients
Hyaluronic acid is commonly combined with other beneficial skincare ingredients to enhance their effects. Some examples include:
Vitamin C – Vitamin C is an antioxidant that helps protect skin from environmental damage. When used with hyaluronic acid, vitamin C is better absorbed by the skin for more powerful brightening and anti-aging effects. The hydration from hyaluronic acid helps to keep vitamin C stable.
Retinol – Retinol promotes skin cell turnover for smoother, clearer skin. However, it can be drying. Applying hyaluronic acid with retinol allows the retinol to work more effectively with less irritation.
Peptides – Peptides are amino acid chains that provide anti-aging and collagen-boosting benefits. Hyaluronic acid helps peptides absorb deeper into the skin for enhanced effects.
Niacinamide – Also known as vitamin B3, niacinamide helps minimize pores, regulate oil production, and improve skin tone and texture. Combining it with hyaluronic acid provides extra hydration to enhance these effects.
When it comes to moisturizers, applying hyaluronic acid first allows moisturizers to better penetrate the hydrated skin. For serums, hyaluronic acid serums can be applied before or after other treatment serums depending on the consistency. Thinner, more liquidy hyaluronic acid serums work well layered underneath thicker serums. More viscous hyaluronic acid serums can be applied after watery serums for a sealing effect.
Forms and Molecular Weights
Hyaluronic acid comes in different forms and molecular weights, which affect how it interacts with the skin. Here’s an overview:
Low Molecular Weight
- Typically under 50,000 Daltons
- Able to penetrate deeper into the skin
- Provides intensive, long-lasting hydration
- Ideal for moisturizers and serums
High Molecular Weight
- Over 1 million Daltons
- Too large to penetrate the skin
- Creates a hydrating film on the skin’s surface
- Best for protecting and hydrating the outer layer
Sodium Hyaluronate
- The salt form of hyaluronic acid
- More stable and soluble than HA
- Penetrates skin more readily
- Found in many serums and moisturizers
Hydrolyzed Hyaluronic Acid
- Broken down form of HA
- Lower molecular weight fragments
- Maximizes penetration into the skin
- Found in lightweight serums and lotions
The molecular weight affects the depth of penetration and hydration effects. Low molecular weight HA hydrates deeply while high MW HA protects the surface. Finding products with a range of molecular weights maximizes hydration benefits.
How to Use Hyaluronic Acid
When using hyaluronic acid in your skincare routine, it’s important to follow some basic guidelines to get the most benefits. Here are some tips on how to properly use hyaluronic acid:
- Pay attention to the molecular weight. Lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid can penetrate deeper into the skin. Higher molecular weights tend to sit on top of the skin providing hydration. Using a mix of both low and high molecular weights will give you both deep and surface hydration.
- Layer it correctly. Apply hyaluronic acid to damp skin after cleansing but before heavier creams or moisturizers. This allows the hyaluronic acid to pull moisture from within the skin to maximize hydration. Then seal it in with a moisturizer on top.
- Use it twice daily. Hyaluronic acid provides the most benefit when used consistently. Use it in both your morning and evening routines for continuous hydration.
- Morning application helps hold moisture. At night hyaluronic acid can enhance the penetration of other actives. Using it day and night covers all the bases.
- Less is more. You only need a few drops of hyaluronic acid serum to cover your face and neck. Using too much can leave a tacky film.
By following a few simple usage tips, hyaluronic acid can boost hydration and give you glowing skin over time. Be sure to pick the right molecular weight formulas and use them consistently twice a day.
Side Effects and Precautions
Hyaluronic acid is generally considered very safe to use on skin. The molecules found in hyaluronic acid products are too large to penetrate deeply into the skin, so side effects are rare. However, there are a few precautions to keep in mind:
- Hyaluronic acid may cause mild irritation in people with sensitive skin. Start with a patch test before applying it to your full face. Discontinue use if any redness, itching or inflammation occurs.
- Those with skin conditions like eczema or rosacea should exercise caution, as hyaluronic acid may exacerbate symptoms. Talk to your dermatologist first.
- There is a small risk of eyelid swelling if hyaluronic acid accidentally gets into eyes. Rinse thoroughly if this occurs.
- Very high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (greater than 1 million Daltons) may temporarily blur vision if applied around the eyes. Use a lower weight HA instead.
- Hyaluronic acid supplements have greater absorption and could theoretically increase cancer risk or tumor growth rate. Oral supplements are likely safe for most but should be avoided by those with hormone-sensitive cancers.
- Topical hyaluronic acid is safe during pregnancy, but pregnant women should avoid oral supplements until more research is available on systemic absorption.
With sensible precautions, most people can benefit from adding hyaluronic acid into their skincare routines without issue. But certain individuals, like those with medical conditions or sensitivities, may prefer to avoid it or check with a doctor first.
Reviews of Top Hyaluronic Acid Serums
When looking for a hyaluronic acid serum, it’s helpful to consider both budget-friendly and luxury options to find the best fit for your skin and budget. Here are reviews of some top selling hyaluronic acid serums to consider:
The Ordinary Hyaluronic Acid 2% + B5
- Pros: Very affordable, simple formula with just hyaluronic acid and vitamin B5. Lightweight texture absorbs quickly. Works well for both dry and oily skin types.
- Cons: Not very hydrating on its own for very dry skin. Best for layering.
Neutrogena Hydro Boost Hydrating Hyaluronic Acid Serum
- Pros: Gel formula gives an immediate hydration boost. Fragrance-free and non-comedogenic. Can find at drugstores.
- Cons: Results don’t last all day. Need to reapply.
SkinCeuticals Hyaluronic Acid Intensifier
- Pros: Contains hyaluronic acid of varying molecular weights for multi-depth hydration. Noticeable plumping effect on skin.
- Cons: Very expensive. Not sensitive skin friendly due to botanical extracts.
Is Clinical Super Serum Advance+
- Pros: Lightweight serum with hyaluronic acid and antioxidants. Clinically proven anti-aging effects.
- Cons: High price point. Can cause irritation due to vitamin C.
Indeed Labs Hydraluron
- Pros: Gel-cream formula hydrates without oiliness. Vegan and cruelty-free. Affordable price.
- Cons: Scent may be off-putting for some. Effects are temporary.
By considering budget and top-selling options, you can find a hyaluronic acid serum tailored to your skin’s needs. Focus on formulas with few irritating extras and the right molecular weight and format for your skin type.
FAQs
What is hyaluronic acid?
Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring substance found in the skin, eyes, and joints. It is a clear, gooey substance that serves as a cushion and lubricant in the body.
Is hyaluronic acid safe?
Yes, hyaluronic acid is generally considered very safe when used topically on the skin or injected by a professional. It occurs naturally in the body, so allergic reactions are very rare. Those with sensitive skin should still patch test before using.
How should I use hyaluronic acid?
Look for hyaluronic acid as an ingredient in serums, moisturizers, masks, etc. Use it on clean, damp skin and allow it to fully absorb. It is most effective when layered under creams or oils which help seal in moisture. Using it twice daily is optimal.
What are the benefits of hyaluronic acid?
The main benefits are increased moisture retention, reduced appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and improved elasticity and firmness. It helps skin look more youthful and plump.
Does hyaluronic acid have any side effects?
When used correctly on the skin, side effects are very unlikely. Those with extremely sensitive skin may experience temporary redness or irritation. Improperly injected fillers could cause injection site reactions.
Is hyaluronic acid just a trendy skincare ingredient?
While it has gained popularity recently, hyaluronic acid has been used in skincare and medicine for decades. Studies consistently show its hydrating and anti-aging abilities, so it’s much more than just a trendy buzzword.
What’s the difference between low and high molecular weight hyaluronic acid?
Low molecular weight hyaluronic acid can penetrate deeper into the skin. High molecular weight molecules are too large to penetrate the skin, but create a moisture-sealing barrier on the surface. Using both provides comprehensive hydration.
Should I use hyaluronic acid morning and night?
Using it twice a day is best to ensure your skin stays hydrated continuously. In the morning, it boosts moisture and creates a smooth canvas for makeup. At night, it replenishes moisture lost during the day.
Does hyaluronic acid replace my regular moisturizer?
Hyaluronic acid serums are best layered under your regular moisturizer. The HA draws moisture into the skin, then creams/oils seal it in for all-day hydration. Using both is ideal for maximum benefits.
The Takeaway on Hyaluronic Acid
Hyaluronic acid has clearly demonstrated its effectiveness as a powerful skincare ingredient. With its incredible water-binding properties, it provides outstanding hydration, moisturization, and anti-aging effects. Used correctly at the right molecular weight and concentration, hyaluronic acid serums can make skin look plump, dewy, smooth, and youthful.
The key benefits of hyaluronic acid come from its unparalleled ability to hold up to 1000 times its weight in water. This hydration helps smooth fine lines and wrinkles, while also protecting skin’s moisture barrier. Hyaluronic acid attracts and binds moisture to the skin, preventing transepidermal water loss.
For anti-aging, look for low-molecular weight hyaluronic acid serums and use consistently. Higher-molecular weights provide lightweight surface hydration, while lower weights can penetrate deeper for cellular-level rejuvenation. Apply hyaluronic acid on damp skin and follow up with creams or oils to seal in moisture.
With few side effects and such remarkable hydrating and anti-aging abilities, hyaluronic acid proves itself as a skincare superstar. When shopping for serums, aim for 1-2% concentration for best results. With science and experience backing its efficacy, hyaluronic acid deserves a spot in any moisturizing, anti-aging skincare routine.